As a rule of thumb, these are three basic elements, but this will vary with the type of source:
WHO/WHAT: Identify the element of the source (author or title) that provides the greatest authority and/or secondary credibility. Does the author have credentials? What type of publication is it—newspaper, government report, magazine, journal? (In other words, would everybody know that the Kansas City Star is a newspaper? If not, tell them!)
WHEN: When was the book, magazine, newspaper or journal published (date)? When was the person interviewed? When was the website last updated and/or when did you access the website?
More specifically
Articles
If you are quoting from a magazine, newspaper, or journal article, give a quick statement of the author (if relevant) as well as the (full) date and title of the source. This applies to both print sources and those found in the Library Databases.
“According to Len Zehm, a sports columnist for the Chicago Sun Times, in an article from May 31, 2006…”
“Newsweek magazine of December 4, 2005 lists bankruptcy as the…”
“In the latest Gallup Poll, cited in last week’s issue of Time magazine…”
You do not need to give the title of the article, although you may if it helps in any way. For example, if you are quoting one or more articles from the same newspaper, this would help differentiate the sources. You do not need to give the page number nor the name of electronic database that cataloged the periodical/publication.
Books
If you are citing information from a book, provide the title of the book,year of publication and a brief mention of the author's credentials. You don’t have to mention the page, publisher or city of publication:
"In his 2005 book, Eating to Be Smart, Charles Larson, a registered dietitian, notes that consuming yogurt…”
Websites
If you are citing a website you need to establish the credibility, currency, and objectivity (fact vs. opinion) of the site.
Mention:
The title of the website the “author”/organization/sponsor that supports
The site’s “credentials” You can confirm a site’s “credentials” by looking for links such as: “About us” “Our Mission” or “Who we are”
The last date it was updated if known
The date you accessed the site.
Tip: If you cannot find this information on a website, you may want to consider finding a different source.
“One of the most active developers of neurotechnology, Cyberkinetics.com, claims on their website, last updated on March 24, 2006, that…”
“From the website maintained by the Wisconsin Council of Dairy Farmers entitled “Dairy Products and Your Diet”, as of January 10, 2007, yogurt…” (or “of an unknown date which I accessed on September 18th of this year”), yogurt proves to be…”
In an oral citation of a website, you do not need to give the URL.
Caution: If a website quotes a book, magazine, or newspaper, remember that your source is the website, not the book/magazine/newspaper from which the quote originates.
“From a website supported by Beconvinced.com, a commercial website promoting the religion of Islam, the book Principles of Oceanography is quoted as stating that…”
Interviews
If you are quoting the source of an interview, give the person's name and statement of their credentials, date of interview, as well as the fact that the information was obtained from a personal interview:
“In a personal interview on January 15 that I conducted with Nancy Manes, head of cardiac care at Central DuPage Hospital, the most important…”
Caution:Interviews are not the same as conversations or undocumented recollections class lectures; interview sources must be credentialed “experts” in their fields.
Why practice oral citations?
Without practice, oral citations can be challenging to incorporate into speeches. Verbally presenting source references interrupts the flow of thoughts and speakers often are concentrating more on content, rather than worrying about where they sourced the information. Accordingly, incorporate oral source citations into each of your speech rehearsals. Citations become part of the overall timing of the speech, so use a watch or timer when practicing.
Tip: Do not say "quote, unquote" when you cite a direct quotation. Pause briefly instead.
Information taken from the College of DuPage Library research guide on Oral Citations
